UKRAINIAN AND SYRIAN ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS TWO SIDES OF GEOPOLITICS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2016.128.0.51-67Abstract
The article gives a detailed analysis of the confrontation between the leading centers of global influence – the EU, the US and Russia, which led to the aggravation of the situation in two countries at once. It was found that both Ukraine and Syria face the risk of becoming a major geopolitical struggle springboard between Russia and the West. Russia’s military presence in Syria in particular is to build military bases in the Middle East and the Mediterranean, by supporting the regime in Damascus. Expanding the strategic impact of Russia is also in supervising oil and gas market and transit of energy resources to the EU. Continuation of military intervention in Syria and Ukraine had a profound impact on the security situation in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East. This reality makes all members of the settlement of these conflicts reconsider their foreign policy strategy and future plans regarding Ukraine and Syria. EU and US support only peaceful diplomatic solution to the crisis in eastern Ukraine through the allocation opposing sides of the contact line and holding democratic elections. Meanwhile, Syria’s main task for the West is fighting against ISIS and removing the current authoritarian regime from power. Russia does not show much interest in resolving these regional crises and intends to maintain instability in Eurasia and the Middle East.References
Adamsky D. ‘Putin’s Damascus Steal. How Russia Got Ahead in the Middle East’, Foreign Affairs, 2015, 16th September, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2015-09-16/putins-damascus-steal?cid=nlc-twofa-20150924&sp_mid=49629706&sp_rid= b2xlZ3ZhQHVrci5uZXQS1>
Adamsky D. ‘Putin’s Syria Strategy. Russian Airstrikes and What Comes Next’, Foreign Affairs, 2015, 1 October, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2015-10-01/putinssyria-strategy>
Bodansky Y. (2016) ‘The Evolution of Russian, Syrian, and Iranian Actions Against the Jihadist Movements and Turkish-U.S. Responses’, ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security 394: 1–28.
Coffey L., Kochis D. ‘Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: The U.S. Needs a Strate’, International Conflicts, 2014, 26th November, <http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/11/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-the-us-needs-a-strategy>
Gidadhubli R. (2014) ‘Expansion of NATO: Russia’s Dilemma’, Economic and Political Weekly 19: 1885–1887.
Gordon D. ‘Headstrong. Putin’s Involvement in Syria–And How Obama Can Leverage It’, Foreign Affairs, 2015, 30th September, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2015-09-30/headstrong?cid=nlc-twofa-20151001&sp_mid=49684032&sp_rid= b2xlZ3ZhQHVrci5uZXQS1>
Grybinco A. (2015) ‘International Interest of Great Britain in the Conditions of the Modern Crisis of the European Security System’, Historia i Polityka 4: 67–83.
Kondratenko O. (2016) ‘Ukraine as a geopolitical priority of the Russian Federation’, Historia i Polityka 16:101–113.
Lukyanov F. ‘Russia is following a clear strategy in Syria’, Financial Times, 2016, 20th March, <https://www.ft.com/content/e5917508-ecf5-11e5-888e-2eadd5fbc4a4>
McFaul M, Sestanovich J., Mearsheimer S. ‘Faulty Powers. Who Started the Ukraine Crisis?’, Foreign Affairs, 2014, November/December, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/eastern-europe-caucasus/2014-10-17/faulty-powers>
Migranyan A. ‘What Is at Stake in Ukraine’, The National Interest, 2014, 30th July, <http://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-stake-ukraine-10979>
Mix D. ‘The United States and Europe: Current Issues’, FAS, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22163.pdf>
Nielsen К. (2013) ‘EU Soft Power and the Capability-Expectations Gap’, Journal of Contemporary European Research 9: 723–739.
Pagano M. ‘Land for gas: Merkel and Putin Discussed Secret Deal Could end Ukraine Crisis’, Independent, 2014, 31th July, <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/landfor-gas-secret-german-deal-could-end-ukraine-crisis-9638764.html>
Racz А. (2014) Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine Breaking the Enemy’s Ability to Resist. Helsinki: FIIA.
Shevtsova L. ‘The Kremlin is Winning’, The American Interest, 2015, 12th February, <http://www.the-american interest.com/2015/02/12/the-kremlin-is-winning/>
Solomon J., Danger S. ‘Russia, Iran seen coordination on defense of Assad Regime in Syria’, The Wall Street journal, 2015, 21th September, <http://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-iranseen-coordinating-on-defense-of-assad-regime-in-syria-1442856556>
Stent A. ‘Putin’s Power Play in Syria How to Respond to Russia’s Intervention’, Foreign Affairs, 2016, January/February, <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2015-12-14/putins-power-play-syria>
Sytas A. ‘Insight – Ukraine Crisis will be “Game Changer” for NATO, Brussels’, Reuterts, 2014, 18th May, <http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/18/us-ukraine-crisis-nato-insightidUSBREA4H01V20140518>
Trenin D. ‘Europe’s Nightmare Coming True: America vs. Russia... Again’, The National Interest, 2014, 29th July, <http://nationalinterest.org/feature/europes-nightmare-coming-trueamerica-vs-russiaagain-10971>
Turkina Е. (2015) ‘Russia-Ukraine Crisis: Value-Based and Generational Perspective’, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 1: 185–192.
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Washington D.C., <https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy.pdf>
Бондаренко К. Навіщо Путіну Україна [Why Putin Ukraine], ТСН, 2014, 29 квітня, <http://tsn.ua/analitika/navischo-putinu-ukrayina-347542.html>
Кондратенко О. (2014) ‘Український фактор становлення нового світового порядку’ [Ukrainian factor in the formation of a new world order], Політологічні записки 2: 155–164.
Сушко О., Лісничук О. (2012) ‘ЄврАзЕС: економічний сир у політичній мишоловці вступ до ЄврАзЕС означатиме політичну капітуляцію України як європейської держави’[EurAsEC: Economic cheese in a mousetrap political accession to EurAsEC will mean political surrender of Ukraine as a European state], Дзеркало тижня, 11–18 жовтня
Фесенко М. (2014) ‘Україна як фактор трансформації міжнародного порядку’[Ukraine as a factor in the transformation of the international order], Зовнішні справи 10: 10–13.
Адоманис М. ‘Турция сбила российский самолет: что дальше?’ [Turkey Just Russo Airplane: What next?], Иносми.ру, 2015, 25 листопада, <http://inosmi.ru/politic/20151125/234564562.html>
Габриэлян Е. ‘Тимоти Снайдер: ‘Цель Путина – разрушить украинскую государственность’ [Timothy Snyder: Putin’s aim – to destroy Ukrainian statehood], Украина, 2014, 31 марта, <http://ru.rfi.fr/ukraina/20140331-timoti-snaider-tsel-putina-razrushit-ukrainskuyu-gosudarstvennost/>
Говриков В. ‘Войска Асада перешли в наступление под Алеппо’ [Assad troops linked directly offensive in Aleppo pod], Корреспондент.net, 2015, 28 октября, <http://korrespondent.net/world/3581949-yhyl-pereshel-v-nastuplenye-pod-aleppo-WSJ>
Густерин П. ‘Сирия без Асада – Сирия без суверенитета’ [Syria without Assad – Syria without sovereignty], Arabinform. The International Journal of Arab Studies, 2012, 21 лютого, <http://arabinform.com/publ/sirija_bez_asada_sirija_bez_suvereniteta/113-1-0-1117>
Ирхин А. (2014) ‘Сирийский конфликт в региональной и мировой политике’ [The Syrian conflict in regional and world politics], Вісник СевНТУ 145: 224–228.
Кобзеев А., Мирзаян Г. ‘Прогноз: Чего ждать от политики России в 2016 году’ [Prediction: What to expect from Russia’s policy in 2016], Соцпортал, 2016, 12 января, <http://socportal.info/2016/01/12/prognoz-chego-zhdat-ot-politiki-rossii-v-2016-godu.html>
Короткий В. (2015) ‘Куда везет “Сирийский экспресс”?’ [Where lucky “Syrian Express”], Зеркало недели, 11–18 сентября
Крижановский С. ‘Геополитика и геоэкономика войны в Сирии: игроки, интересы, стратегии’ [Geopolitics and geo-economics of the war in Syria: players, interests, strategies], Хвиля, 2015, 1 октября, <http://hvylya.net/analytics/geopolitics/geopolitika-igeoekonomika-voynyi-v-sirii-igroki-interesyi-strategii.html>
Нуриева С. ‘Встреча Эрдогана и В. Путина’[The meeting of Erdogan and Putin], Иносми.ру, 2015, 15 июня, <http://inosmi.ru/asia/20150615/228598028.html#ixzz3dRi0vtXh>
Романенко Ю. ‘О вызовах и новых возможностях для Украины на следующих этапах революции’ [On the challenges and new opportunities for Ukraine for the next stages of the revolution], Хвиля, 2015, 20 января, <http://hvylya.net/analytics/geopolitics/o-vyizovahi-novyih-vozmozhnostyah-dlya-ukrainyi-na-sleduyushhih-etapah-revolyutsii.html>
Стельмах С. ‘Деокупация Крыма: турецкий фактор’ [De-occupation of the Crimea: Turkish factor], Главком, 2016, 3 февраля, <http://glavcom.ua/articles/37744.html>
Топалов А. ‘Сирийские риски для ‘‘Газпрома’’ [Syrian risks to ‘‘Gazprom’’], Газета.ru, 2015, 1 жовтня, <http://www.gazeta.ru/business/2015/09/30/7787825.shtml>
Умланд А. ‘Роль и цели Кремля в “украинском” кризисе’ [The role and purpose in the Kremlin “Ukrainian” crisis], Geopolitika, 2015, 19 января, <http://www.geopolitika.lt/index.php?artc=7120>
Хантингтон С. (2011) Столкновение цивилизаций [Clash of civilizations], Москва : АСТ, Астрель.
Шевцова Л. ‘Пришла пора кончать с иллюзиями о силе Путина’ [It is time to put an end to illusions about the power of Putin], Апостроф, 2015, 19 сентября, <http://apostrophe.com.ua/article/world/2015-11-30/prishla-pora-konchat-s-illyuziyami-o-sile-putina-rossiyskiy-politolog-shevtsova/2660?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=lentainform&utm_campaign=apostrophe.com.ua&utm_term=1247076&utm_content=3892347>
Разочарованный крахом системы противовесов Путин предрек планете “ряд острых конфликтов” [Frustrated by the collapse of the system balances Putin predicted a planet, “a series of violent conflicts”], Новое время, 2014, 24 октября, http://nvua.net/world/Putin-prigrozil-miru-ryadom-ostryh-konfliktov-17538.html
Рейтинг Путина: аномалия или закономерность? [Putin’s rating: anomaly or regularity?], Институт современной России, 2014, 22 декабря, <https://translate.google.ru/#uk/en/Рейтинг Путина%3A аномалия или закономерность%3F>
