SPESIAL SERVICES: IN THE ”GREY ZONE” OF HYBRID PEACE AND HYBRID WARMS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2018.135.0.35-49Abstract
This article is devoted to sense, features, history and current tendencies of subversive operations that are conducted by special services. Such operations are cornerstone of governing chaos as a part of hybrid war and hybrid peace.
Actual problems of international relations. Release 135. 2018
36
Possible ways of weakening and preventing negative influences of such operations on national security and defense of Ukraine are analyzed. One of key elements of policy in “grey zone” of hybrid war and hybrid peace is subversive activity inspired by special services and aimed at deconsolidation of victim state. In other words its dismantling under pressure of chaos.
Hybrid threats may be connected to governmental and nongovernmental actors that are practicing regular and irregular warfare, cybercrime, cyberterrorism and other asymmetric means.
Following abovementioned trend role of subversive activity of special services linked with various terrorist and rebel cells is growing. They are focused on decreasing level of loyalty to current political regime by big political and social groups inside the country. Ideally it may result in total or partial subordination of victim state to symbols and institutions of aggressor (external administration similar to colonization). In practice it means activities aimed at subversion of military, economical, psychological, political and moral influence of victim state government.
Key words: intelligence; special services; subversive operations; covert operations; grey zone; hybrid peace; hybrid wars; governing chaos.
References
References
Clausewitz, Carl. On War / Carl von Clausewitz. Available at: <https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK1ch01.html>.
Shadlow, Nadia. Peace and war: The space between / Nadia Catherine Schadlow. Available at: <https://warontherocks.com/2014/08/peace-and-war-the-space-between>.
Mann S. (2014) Teoriya khaosa I strategicheskoe myshlenie [Theory of Chaos and Strategic Thinking]. Available at: <http://chaos.in.ua/story/teoriya-haosa-i-strategicheskoe-myshlenie-stiven-mann>.
Malikov O., Pavlenko R. (2014) Kerovaniy khaos – metod stabilizatsii neokolonialnogo regima v Ukraine [Guided Chaos – way of stabilization of neocolonial regime in Ukraine]. Available at: <https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2004/10/27/3003584//>.
Kurginyan S. (1990) Postperestroyka. Konceptualnaya model razvitiya nashego obshestva, politicheskih partiy I obshestvennyh organizaciy. [Postperestroyka. Conceptual model of development of our society, political parties and NGOs], Moscow, Politizdat, 1990 – 93 p.
Chicken Kiev speech // Wikipedia. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech/>.
Putin V. (2005) Poslanie Federalnomu Sobraniyu Rossiyskoy Federacii [Address to Federal Assembly of Russian Federation]. Available at: <http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931>.
State of the Union; Transcript of President Bush's Address on the State of the Union. // The New York Time. Archives. 1992. Available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/29/us/state-union-transcript-president-bush-s-address-state-union.html/>.
Madsen W. (2015) Soros and His CIA Friends Targeted USSR /Russia in 1987 / Madsen Waiden // Strategic Culture Foundation. Online Journal. 09. 12. 2015. Available at: <https://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2015/12/09/soros-and-his-cia-friends-targeted-ussr-russia-1987.html>.
Svitova gibridna viyna: ukrainskiy front. [World hybrid warfare. Ukrainian domain] Edited by V. Horbulin. Available at: <http://www.niss.gov.ua/articles/2431/>.
Актуальні проблеми міжнародних відносин. Випуск 135. 2018. .
Cormac R. (2018) Is the new black: covert action and implausible deniability / Rory Cormac; Richard J. Aldrich. // International Affairs, Volume 94, Issue 3, 1 May 2018, Pages 477–494. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy067>.
Plausible deniability // Wikipedia. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability#cite_note-6>.
President Obama Speaks to West Point Graduates. Time. May 28, 2014 Available at: < http://time.com/4341783/obamas-commencement-transcript-speech-west-point-2014/>.
Kagan R. (2014) Sverhderzhavy ne dolzhny uhodit v otstawku. Kakie obuazannosti pered mirom sohranyayutsya u nashey stavshey strany. [Superpowers shall not resign. What duties has our country] Available at: <https://inosmi.ru/world/20140602/220729620.html>.
McClintock M. (1990) Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940-1990 Available at: <http://www.statecraft.org/index.html>.
Sharp Power. Rising Authoritarian Influence. The Report of International Forum for Democratic Studies at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) / Editors Christopher Walker & Jessica Ludwig. Available at: <https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence-Full-Report.pdf>.
Walker C. (2017) The Meaning of Sharp Power. How Authoritarian States Project Influence / Christopher Walker & Jessica Ludwig. // Foreign Affairs. Snapshot. 17 November 2017. Available at: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power>.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr. (2004) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics / Joseph S. Nye, Jr. NY: Public Ajfairs, 2004. – 175 pp.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr. (2018) Kak rezkaya sila ugrozhaet myagkoy sile. [How sharp power threatens softpower]. Available at: <http://www.globalaffairs.ru/global-processes/Kak-rezkaya-sila-ugrozhaet-myagkoi-sile-19324>.
Summary of The 2018 National Defense Strategy. Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. Available at: <https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf>.
Strategy, Joint Doctrine Note 1-18, April 25, 2018. Unclassified. Available at: <https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jdn1_18.pdf>.
Murphy J. (2005) Clandestine operations / Murphy John. F., Jr. // Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. Armonk, NY. 2005. Vol.1. Pp. 138-139.
Murphy J. (2005) Covert action / Murphy John. F., Jr. // Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. Armonk, NY. 2005. Vol.One. Pp. 178-180.
Murphy J. (2005) Central Intelligence Agency // Encyclopedia of intelligence and counterintelligence. Volume One / Edited by Rodney P. Carlisle. London and New York: Taylor&Francis Group. 2015. Pp. 112-120.
Sadler L. (2015) Central Intelligence Group / Louis R. Sadler // Encyclopedia of intelligence and counterintelligence. Volume One / Edited by Rodney P. Carlisle. London and New York: Taylor&Francis Group. 2015. Pp. 120-121.
Mazzetti M. (2013) The way of the knife: the CIA, a secret army, and a war at the ends of the earth / Mark Mazzetti. Penguin Press, 2013. - 381 pp.
Actual problems of international relations. Release 135. 2018
Cleaver R. (2016) How does covert action affect terrorism? / Rochelle Marcia Cleaver // A Master Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University. Charles Town, WV: American Public University. 2016. – 74 pp.
Chomsky N. (1979), Edward S. Herman. The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism / Noam Chomsky, Herman S. Edward Boston: South End Press, 1979. – 441 p.
Note on U.S. Covert Actions // Foreign relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XII, Western Europe. Editor: James E. Miller. General Editor: David S. Patterson / United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 2001 Available at: <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v12>.
